Saturday 26 November 2016

SCALA BASICS Practice on 26 Nov 2016




Scala(Scalable Language)
---------------------------------------------

Scala is Functional + Object Oriented Programing Language

Scala everything (function / method / class / object / variable ) is Object only

Java (Primitive data types / Wrapper Classes / Objects / Interfaces )


---------------------------------------------

Java:
-----------

int a = 1;
String name = "kalyan";

Mutable / Immutable data types

String is immutable

StringBuffer, StringBuilder are mutable


<data type>  <varaible name> = <data>


---------------------------------------------
Scala:
-----------------
val => value is immutable (we can't change the data)
var => variable is mutable (we can change the data)

val <variable name > [ : <data type> ] = <data>
var <variable name > [ : <data type> ] = <data>

---------------------------------------------

Scala support command line feature (REPL)

R => Read
E => Evaluate
P => Print
L => Loop

To start the scala => 'scala' is the command

orienit@kalyan:~$ scala
Welcome to Scala 2.11.8 (OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM, Java 1.8.0_66-internal).
Type in expressions for evaluation. Or try :help.

scala> 

---------------------------------------------

Scala provides `Type Infer`

---------------------------------------------

scala> val name = "kalyan"
name: String = kalyan

scala> val name : String = "kalyan"
name: String = kalyan

scala> name = "xyz"
<console>:12: error: reassignment to val
       name = "xyz"
            ^
---------------------------------------------

scala> var name = "kalyan"
name: String = kalyan

scala> var name : String = "kalyan"
name: String = kalyan

scala> name = "xyz"
name: String = xyz

---------------------------------------------

scala> var id = 1
id: Int = 1

scala> var id : Int = 1
id: Int = 1

scala> var id = 1l
id: Long = 1

scala> var id : Long = 1
id: Long = 1

scala> var id = 1d
id: Double = 1.0

scala> var id : Double = 1
id: Double = 1.0

scala> var id = 1f
id: Float = 1.0

scala> var id : Float = 1
id: Float = 1.0


scala> var id : Char = 1
id: Char = ?

scala> var id : Char = 2
id: Char = ?

scala> var id : Char = 3
id: Char = ?

scala> var id : Char = 311
id: Char = ķ

scala> var id : Char = 97
id: Char = a

scala> var id : String = 97
<console>:11: error: type mismatch;
 found   : Int(97)
 required: String
       var id : String = 97
                         ^

scala> var id : String = "97"
id: String = 97

scala> var id : String = 97.toString
id: String = 97

---------------------------------------------

scala> var id = 1
id: Int = 1

scala> 1
res0: Int = 1

scala> 1
res1: Int = 1

scala> 1 + 2
res2: Int = 3

scala> val sum = 1 + 2
sum: Int = 3



---------------------------------------------
Java don't have operator overloading
C++ / Scala have operator overloading
---------------------------------------------

scala> var a = 1
a: Int = 1

scala> var b = 2
b: Int = 2

scala> var c = a + b
c: Int = 3

scala> var c = a.+(b)
c: Int = 3

scala> var c = a - b
c: Int = -1

scala> var c = a.-(b)
c: Int = -1


explanation:
---------------
a + b   <==>  a.+(b)

---------------------------------------------
; importance:
------------------

scala> var a = 1 var b = 1
<console>:1: error: ';' expected but 'var' found.
var a = 1 var b = 1
          ^

scala> var a = 1 ; var b = 1
a: Int = 1
b: Int = 1

---------------------------------------------

scala> var id  = 1
id: Int = 1

scala> var x = id.toLong
x: Long = 1

scala> var x = id.toDouble
x: Double = 1.0

scala> var x = id.toFloat
x: Float = 1.0

scala> var x = id.toString
x: String = 1

scala> var x = id.toByte
x: Byte = 1

scala> var x = id.toChar
x: Char = ?

---------------------------------------------
isInstanceOf and asInstanceOf :
----------------------------------

scala> var id = 1
id: Int = 1

scala> id.isInstanceOf[Int]
res3: Boolean = true

scala> id.isInstanceOf[Long]
res4: Boolean = false

scala> id.asInstanceOf[Long]
res5: Long = 1

scala> var id : Long = 100
id: Long = 100

scala> id.asInstanceOf[Long]
res6: Long = 100

scala> id.asInstanceOf[Int]
res7: Int = 100

scala> id.asInstanceOf[String]
java.lang.ClassCastException: java.lang.Long cannot be cast to java.lang.String
  ... 32 elided



---------------------------------------------
IF / IF-ELSE / IF-ELSEIF
---------------------------------------------


scala> if(true) { println("kalyan") }
kalyan

scala> if(false) { println("kalyan") }

scala> var id = 5
id: Int = 5

scala> if(id == 5) { println("kalyan") }
kalyan

scala> if(id != 5) { println("kalyan") }

scala> if(id > 4) { println("kalyan") }
kalyan

scala> if(id > 4) { println("kalyan") } else {  println("xyz")}
kalyan

scala> if(id > 6) { println("kalyan") } else {  println("xyz")}
xyz





---------------------------------------------

scala> var a = 5
a: Int = 5

scala> var b = "hi"
b: String = hi

scala> var c = true
c: Boolean = true

if(a > 5) {
 println(a)
} else if (b.contains("a")) {
 println(b)
} else if (!c) {
 println(c)
} else {
println("Not found")
}

scala> if(a > 5) {
     |  println(a)
     | } else if (b.contains("a")) {
     |  println(b)
     | } else if (!c) {
     |  println(c)
     | } else {
     | println("Not found")
     | }
Not found

---------------------------------------------
Arrays in Scala:
------------------------

scala> var nums = Array(1,2,3,4,5)
nums: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> var nums = Array[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
nums: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> var nums : Array[Int] = Array[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
nums: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)


scala> var nums = Array(5)
nums: Array[Int] = Array(5)

scala> var nums = new Array(5)
nums: Array[Nothing] = Array(null, null, null, null, null)

scala> var nums = new Array[Int](5)
nums: Array[Int] = Array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0)


---------------------------------------------

scala> var nums = Array(1,2,3,4,5)
nums: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> nums[0]
<console>:1: error: identifier expected but integer literal found.
nums[0]
     ^

scala> nums(0)
res17: Int = 1

scala> nums(1)
res18: Int = 2

scala> nums(1) = 11

scala> nums
res20: Array[Int] = Array(1, 11, 3, 4, 5)


---------------------------------------------
collections in scala:
-------------------------
1. mutable collection    => scala.collection.mutable
2. immutable collection  => scala.collection.immutable

---------------------------------------------

scala> 1 to 10
res22: scala.collection.immutable.Range.Inclusive = Range(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

scala> 1 to 10 by 2
res23: scala.collection.immutable.Range = Range(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)

scala> 1 to 10 by 3
res24: scala.collection.immutable.Range = Range(1, 4, 7, 10)

scala> 1 to 10 by 4
res25: scala.collection.immutable.Range = Range(1, 5, 9)



scala> 1 to 10
res26: scala.collection.immutable.Range.Inclusive = Range(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

scala> 1 until 10
res27: scala.collection.immutable.Range = Range(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)



---------------------------------------------
For loop in scala:
------------------------

scala> for(1 to 10) println(x) 
<console>:1: error: '<-' expected but ')' found.
for(1 to 10) println(x)
           ^

scala> for(x <- 1 to 10) println(x) 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10


scala> for(x <- 1 to 10) if(x % 2 == 1) println(x) 
1
3
5
7
9

scala> for(x <- 1 to 10 if x % 2 == 1) println(x) 
1
3
5
7
9

scala> for(x <- 1 to 10 if x % 2 == 1 and x > 5) println(x) 
<console>:14: error: value and is not a member of Boolean
       for(x <- 1 to 10 if x % 2 == 1 and x > 5) println(x)
                                      ^

scala> for(x <- 1 to 10 if x % 2 == 1 && x > 5) println(x) 
7
9

---------------------------------------------

collections in scala:
-------------------------
1. mutable collection    => scala.collection.mutable
2. immutable collection  => scala.collection.immutable


var arr = Array[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
var list = List[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
var set = Set[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
var seq = Seq[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
var vec = Vector[Int](1,2,3,4,5)

var queue = Queue[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
var stack = Stack[Int](1,2,3,4,5)

---------------------------------------------

scala> var arr = Array[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
arr: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> var list = List[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
list: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> var set = Set[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
set: scala.collection.immutable.Set[Int] = Set(5, 1, 2, 3, 4)

scala> var seq = Seq[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
seq: Seq[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> var vec = Vector[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
vec: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> var queue = Queue[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
<console>:11: error: not found: value Queue
       var queue = Queue[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
                   ^

scala> var queue = scala.collection.immutable.Queue[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
queue: scala.collection.immutable.Queue[Int] = Queue(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

scala> var queue = scala.collection.mutable.Queue[Int](1,2,3,4,5)
queue: scala.collection.mutable.Queue[Int] = Queue(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

---------------------------------------------

scala> var list = List[Int](4,5,6)
list: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6)

scala> var list = (4 :: 5 :: 6 :: Nil)
list: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6)

scala> var list = (4 :: (5 :: (6 :: Nil)))
list: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6)



scala> var list = List[Int](4,5,6)
list: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6)

scala> list = 3 :: list
list: List[Int] = List(3, 4, 5, 6)

scala> list = 3 :: list :: 7
<console>:12: error: value :: is not a member of Int
       list = 3 :: list :: 7
                        ^

---------------------------------------------

scala> var list = List[Int](4,5,6)
list: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6)

scala> list = 3 +: list
list: List[Int] = List(3, 4, 5, 6)

scala> list = list :+ 7
list: List[Int] = List(3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

scala> list = 2 +: list :+ 8
list: List[Int] = List(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)

---------------------------------------------

scala> var list1 = List[Int](4,5,6)
list1: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6)

scala> var list2 = List[Int](7,8,9)
list2: List[Int] = List(7, 8, 9)

scala> var list3 = list1 :: list2
list3: List[Any] = List(List(4, 5, 6), 7, 8, 9)

scala> var list3 = list1 ::: list2
list3: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)



scala> var list = List(1, 1.0, true, "hi")
list: List[Any] = List(1, 1.0, true, hi)


---------------------------------------------

Functions in Scala:
-------------------------
1. anonymous functions
2. named functions
3. curried functions


Anonymous functions:
------------------------
(x : Int) => { x + 1 }

scala> (x : Int) => { x + 1 }
res33: Int => Int = <function1>

scala> val add = (x : Int) => { x + 1 }
add: Int => Int = <function1>

scala> add(10)
res34: Int = 11


Named functions:
--------------------

def add(x : Int) = { x + 1 }


scala> def add(x : Int) = { x + 1 }
add: (x: Int)Int

scala> def add(x : Int) : Int = { x + 1 }
add: (x: Int)Int

scala> def add(x : Int) : Long = { x + 1 }
add: (x: Int)Long

scala> add(10)
res35: Long = 11


---------------------------------------------

scala> def add(x : Int) = { x + 1 }
add: (x: Int)Int

scala> add(10)
res36: Int = 11

scala> def add(x : Int) = { var y = x + 1 ; println(y)}
add: (x: Int)Unit

scala> add(10)
11

scala> def add(x : Int) = { var y = x + 1 ; y}
add: (x: Int)Int

scala> add(10)
res38: Int = 11

---------------------------------------------

scala> def add(x : Int) = { var y = x + 1 ; if(y > 1) y else x}
add: (x: Int)Int

scala> def add(x : Int) = { var y = x + 1 ; if(y > 1) y else "not found"}
add: (x: Int)Any

scala> def add(x : Int) = { var y = x + 1 ; if(y > 1) y.toString else "not found"}
add: (x: Int)String

---------------------------------------------
Recurrsive Functions in Scala:
------------------------------------
def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
 var res = 1
 for(x <- 1 to n) res = res * x
 res
}


scala> def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
     |  var res = 1
     |  for(x <- 1 to n) res = res * x
     |  res
     | }
factorial: (n: Int)Int

scala> factorial(5)
res39: Int = 120

scala> factorial(6)
res40: Int = 720


def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
 if(n == 1) 1
 else n * factorial(n - 1)
}


scala> def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
     |  if(n == 1) 1
     |  else n * factorial(n - 1)
     | }
factorial: (n: Int)Int

scala> factorial(5)
res41: Int = 120

scala> factorial(6)
res42: Int = 720

---------------------------------------------
def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
 println(n)
 if(n == 1) 1
 else n * factorial(n - 1)
}


scala> def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
     |  println(n)
     |  if(n == 1) 1
     |  else n * factorial(n - 1)
     | }
factorial: (n: Int)Int

scala> factorial(4)
4
3
2
1
res43: Int = 24

---------------------------------------------


def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
 def fact(start: Int, end: Int) : Int = {
  println(start)
  if(start == end) end
  else start * fact(start + 1, end)
 }
 fact(1,n)
}

scala> def factorial(n : Int) : Int = {
     |  def fact(start: Int, end: Int) : Int = {
     |   println(start)
     |   if(start == end) end
     |   else start * fact(start + 1, end)
     |  }
     |  fact(1,n)
     | }
factorial: (n: Int)Int


scala> factorial(4)
1
2
3
4
res46: Int = 24


Note: Tail-Recursion use @tailrec anotation

---------------------------------------------
Curried Functions:
--------------------
def add(a : Int, b : Int) : Int =  { a + b }

def add(a : Int)(b : Int) : Int =  { a + b }

---------------------------------------------
scala> def add(a : Int, b : Int) : Int =  { a + b }
add: (a: Int, b: Int)Int

scala> add(10,20)
res47: Int = 30

scala> def add(a : Int)(b : Int) : Int =  { a + b }
add: (a: Int)(b: Int)Int

scala> add(10)(20)
res48: Int = 30

---------------------------------------------

def add(a : Int)(b : Int) : Int =  { a + b }

def addOne(x : Int) : Int =  add(x)(1)

def addTwo(x : Int) : Int =  add(x)(2)

def addAny(x : Int) : Int =  add(10)_

---------------------------------------------
scala> def addOne(x : Int) : Int =  add(x)(1)
addOne: (x: Int)Int

scala> def addTwo(x : Int) : Int =  add(x)(2)
addTwo: (x: Int)Int

---------------------------------------------

def add(a : Int, b : Int) : Int =  { a + b }

def add(a : Int, b : Int = 5) : Int =  { a + b }

def add(a : Int = 1, b : Int = 5) : Int =  { a + b }

---------------------------------------------

scala> def add(a : Int = 1, b : Int = 5) : Int =  { a + b }
add: (a: Int, b: Int)Int

scala> add()
res51: Int = 6

scala> add(2)
res52: Int = 7

scala> add(2,3)
res53: Int = 5

scala> add(b = 2)
res54: Int = 3

scala> add(b = 2, a = 1)
res55: Int = 3

---------------------------------------------
Java => Scala
---------------------------------------
Interface => Trait
Abstract Class  => Abstract Class
Class => Class & Case Class
=> object


---------------------------------------------
String Interpolation:
----------------------------
var a = 1
var b = 10.5
var c = "kalyan"

var exp1 = "a = $a , b = $b , c = $c"
println(exp1)


var exp2 = s"a = $a , b = $b , c = $c"
println(exp2)


var exp3 = s"a = $a , b = $b%.2f , c = $c"
println(exp3)


var exp4 = f"a = $a , b = $b%.2f , c = $c"
println(exp4)


var exp5 = s"a = $a\nb = $b\nc = $c"
println(exp5)


var exp6 = raw"a = $a\nb = $b\nc = $c"
println(exp6)


---------------------------------------------


scala> var a = 1
a: Int = 1

scala> var b = 10.5
b: Double = 10.5

scala> var c = "kalyan"
c: String = kalyan

scala> 

scala> var exp1 = "a = $a , b = $b , c = $c"
exp1: String = a = $a , b = $b , c = $c

scala> println(exp1)
a = $a , b = $b , c = $c

scala> var exp2 = s"a = $a , b = $b , c = $c"
exp2: String = a = 1 , b = 10.5 , c = kalyan

scala> println(exp2)
a = 1 , b = 10.5 , c = kalyan

scala> var exp3 = s"a = $a , b = $b%.2f , c = $c"
exp3: String = a = 1 , b = 10.5%.2f , c = kalyan

scala> println(exp3)
a = 1 , b = 10.5%.2f , c = kalyan

scala> var exp4 = f"a = $a , b = $b%.2f , c = $c"
exp4: String = a = 1 , b = 10.50 , c = kalyan

scala> println(exp4)
a = 1 , b = 10.50 , c = kalyan

scala> var exp5 = s"a = $a\nb = $b\nc = $c"
exp5: String =
a = 1
b = 10.5
c = kalyan

scala> println(exp5)
a = 1
b = 10.5
c = kalyan

scala> var exp6 = raw"a = $a\nb = $b\nc = $c"
exp6: String = a = 1\nb = 10.5\nc = kalyan

scala> println(exp6)
a = 1\nb = 10.5\nc = kalyan



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